let a: number;
let b: boolean;
let c: string;
let d: any;
let e: number[] = [1,2,3];
let f: any[] = [1, true, 'a'];
enum Color { Red = 0, Green = 1, Blue = 2};
let backgroundColor = Color.Red;
By default the type is any. To use as a type, (message as string) purely a way to tell Typescript compiler what it is(and intelligent IDEs)
When you define and assign value, type is autoinferred
Objects
As we’ve seen, they can be anonymous:
function hi(person: { name: string; age: number }) {
return "Hello " + person.age;
}
or they can be named by using either an interface(for object shapes, can be extended/implemented)
interface Person {
name: string;
age: number;
}
function greet(person: Person) {
return "Hello " + person.age;
}
or a type alias(unions, primitive,tuple, intersection, etc)
type Person = {
name: string;
age: number;
};
function greet(person: Person) {
return "Hello " + person.age;
}
Extends
Interfaces only
class Car {
printCar = () => {
console.log("this is my car")
}
};
interface NewCar extends Car {
name: string;
};
class NewestCar implements NewCar {
name: "Car";
constructor(engine:string) {
this.name = name
}
printCar = () => {
console.log("this is my car")
}
};
interface Name {
name: “string”
};
interface Age {
age: number
};
type Person = Name & Age;
Tuples
Array of fixed size that can have different known types
type Reponse = [string, number]
function maxHeightWidth(
ratio: number,
maxWidth: number,
maxHeight: number
): [width: number, height: number]
Any vs unknown
Use unknown as it blocks fields unless narrowed, as any lets you do untypesafe things
Never
Never is the empty set and will never have a value
function timeout(ms: number): Promise<never> {
return new Promise((_, reject) =>
setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Timeout elapsed")), ms)
)
}
//useful because will only be return type of fetchStock as T | never = T
const stock = await Promise.race([
fetchStock(tickerSymbol),
timeout(3000)
])
Functions
Generics
function firstElement<Type>(arr: Type[]): Type | undefined {
return arr[0];
}
Advanced
type NonNullable<T> = T extends null | undefined ? never : T;
This works because conditional types distribute over type unions. Given any type of the form T extends U ? X : Y when a union type is substituted for T the type expands to distribute the condition to each branch of that union type:
