> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://openai.gitbook.io/code-cheatsheets/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://openai.gitbook.io/code-cheatsheets/all/python/importing.md).

# Importing

## Python3

2 package types

* Regular package/folder with `__init__.py`
  * Can contain init instruction
* Namespace package without one, for high level packages that share name with other packages i.e
  * google/cloud/storage
  * google/cloud/pubsub
  * google and cloud should be namespace because they are shared by multiple things

```python
# Same directory
from .config import config
from .routes import user as user_blueprint


# Sub directory
from sound.effects import echo
```

Alternatives

```python
import sound.effects.echo
sound.effects.echo.echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)

from sound.effects import * #bad practice
```

## Python2

#### Importing from Same Dir

Make an empty file called **init**.py in the same directory as the files. That will signify to Python that it's "ok to import from this directory". Then just:

```py
from .user import User
from .dir import Dir
```

#### Importing from Subdirectory

The same holds true if the files are in a subdirectory - put an **init**.py in the subdirectory as well.

```
bin/
    main.py
    classes/
        user.py
        dir.py
```

main.py

```python
from classes.user import User
from classes.dir import Dir
```

#### Importing from Sister Directory

```python
bin/
    mary/
        walk.py
	kate/
		run.py
```

Yea.., you need to add the root directory to `PYTHON_PATH`

could also pip install -e

## File IO In Imported Files

Are you trying to open a file in a package that you then import? Well that means you are getting an error because the path will be different if you run the script and import the script

```python
__location__ = os.path.realpath(
    os.path.join(os.getcwd(), os.path.dirname(__file__)))
```

* `join()` prepends current working directory, but the documentation says that if some path is absolute, all other paths left of it are dropped. Therefore, getcwd() is dropped when dirname(**file**) returns an absolute path. Also, the `realpath` call resolves symbolic links if any are found

Then

```python
f = open(os.path.join(__location__, 'bundled-resource.jpg'))

```